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Proxy Warfare

/reports/2019/07/proxy-warfare

Proxy warfare—that is, conflict in which a “major power instigates or plays a major role in supporting and directing to a conflict but does only a small portion of the actual fighting itself”—is receiving new attention from policymakers, analysts, and practitioners. This study uses a series of four case studies on US involvement in proxy war (the “Secret War” in Laos, the Contras in Central America, the African Union Mission in Somalia, and the Syrian Defense Forces) to develop a set of key themes. These themes, in turn, form the basis of a set of rules of thumb to guide senior decisionmakers as they contemplate the future use of proxy forces. Finally, this report discusses implications for U.S. Special Operations Forces, which are likely to play an increasingly important role in supporting U.S. proxies.

. It is a risk-mitigation strategy in which a sponsor seeks to offload military and financial costs onto a proxy—a “principal-agent” arrangement, in the language of social science. For the proxy ... of international politics throughout recorded history, and indirect conflict through surrogates is—and is likely to remain—an enduring feature of the international security environment. In the years ... of great-power competition, suggest that the time is ripe for senior civilian and military leaders to assess US capabilities for conducting proxy war, for evaluating costs, risks, and benefits

Relationship-Between-Colocation-and-Reenlistment-in-the-Marine-Corps-Vol1

/reports/2018/10/relationship-between-colocation-and-reenlistment-in-the-marine-corps-vol1

CNA analysts examine the relationship between colocation and reenlistment in the Marine Corps, as the share of women in the services increases, and how prevalent colocation of dual-military personnel impacts reenlistment decisions.

to reduce personnel costs while maintaining or even improving retention. The impetus for the project is that military personnel costs, including those in the Department of the Navy (DON), are quite ... number three. Colocation in the USMC is when two servicemembers who are married to each other (also known as a dual-military marriage) are assigned to units no further than 50 miles apart. A dual military ... had military spouses. Among these 6,403 Marines, about 64 percent, or 4,132, were married to other active component (AC) enlisted Marines. The remaining 2,271 Marines were either married

Maritime Sabotage: Lessons Learned and Implications for Strategic Competition

/reports/2021/10/maritime-sabotage-lessons-learned-and-implications-for-strategic-competition

Warring sides have undertaken sabotage operations throughout history to generate battlefield effects, with varying degrees of success.

operations throughout history to generate battlefield effects, with varying degrees of success. Warring sides have undertaken sabotage operations throughout history to generate battlefield effects ... heavily on counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations, resulting in a current dearth of experience with sabotage against nation-state targets. In light of SOF’s history with sabotage and recent ... sabotage dataset, (4) code that dataset to derive analytic findings, and (5) distill implications for the future. Upon review of existing US military doctrine and literature on sabotage, we were unable

Maritime Sabotage and Implications for Strategic Competition

/reports/2021/10/maritime-sabotage-and-implications-for-strategic-competition

Warring sides have undertaken sabotage operations throughout history to generate battlefield effects, with varying degrees of success. In many cases, the forces conducting these operations have been special operations forces, their predecessors, or intelligence agencies. CNA initiated a quick-look study to examine past instances of sabotage in order to derive lessons and best practices for the future conduct of such operations. To increase the utility of the study for US Navy and US Marine Corps organizations, and because of the dearth of prior research on the topic, we focused our efforts on examining sabotage in the maritime domain. We generated a dataset of maritime sabotage instances dating back to World War II and analyzed this dataset according to a set of coding variables. These coding variables allowed us to perform both descriptive analysis of the dataset, as well as exploratory analysis.

history to generate battlefield effects, with varying degrees of success. In many cases, the forces conducting these operations have been special operations forces, their predecessors ... analysis of the dataset, as well as exploratory analysis. Warring sides have undertaken sabotage operations throughout history to generate battlefield effects, with varying degrees of success. In many ... and counterinsurgency operations, resulting in a current dearth of experience with sabotage against nation-state targets. In light of SOF’s history with sabotage and recent renewed interest in the subject, CNA

Interwar US and Japanese National Product Expenditure

/reports/2003/interwar-us-and-japanese-national-product-expenditure

I assess the meaning and implications of these data in another report. Here, howewer, it is appropriate to mention cautions to be observed with regard to them. It is reasonable to expect that each of the series here is generally consistent internally over the 21-year period from 1920 through 1941. Thus we can be pretty certain that the trends shown for Japanese naval equipment and aircraft procurement or U.S. defense current expense are accurate. The U.S. series benefit from better source data and more stable prices, but this is somewhat balanced by the need to guess at defense deflators for the period 1920-1928, and to piece series together for GNP and total defense expenditure. The consistency across the series in one family also is likely to be good. That is, the relationship between Japanese construction and Japanese army equipment and aircraft procurement is probably relatively accurately portrayed. The U.S. series may be slightly better in this regard due to better source data, although the uncertainties about defense deflators for 1920-1928 again takes its toll.

its toll. Background‌ This memorandum documents the derivation of estimates of Japanese and U.S. economic resources and of their application to military purposes between the two world wars. Data ... estimates for the war years separately. I have relied primarily on data from Mizoguchi and Nojima. Fortunately for our purposes, economists studying Japan have seen military expenditure ... prior to World War II. In an early study of Japanese capital formation, Henry Rosovsky paid careful attention to Japan’s investments in military capital, ar- guing that this served both statistical

Russian Military Logistics in the Ukraine War

/reports/2023/10/russian-military-logistics-in-the-ukraine-war

Analysis of Russian military logistics (reformed in 2010) in the Russia-Ukraine war, finds despite setbacks, Russian logistics have been generally successful.

Russian Military Logistics in the Ukraine War Russian Military Logistics in the Ukraine War: Recent Reforms and Wartime Operations Analysis of Russian military logistics (reformed in 2010 ... and adaptability of the Russian military’s logistical and combat service support system. This paper examines Russian military logistics during operations in Ukraine in 2022. It begins with an overview of the logistical system, highlighting its history, approaches, structure, and ongoing reform efforts that have been underway since 2010. The second part of the paper focuses on the system’s

Integration of Female Marine Pilots and Naval Flight Officers 1990-2000

/reports/2014/integration-of-female-marine-pilots-and-naval-flight-officers-1990-2000

CNA research on the integration of female Marine aviators offers some insights that senior service leaders should consider as they evaluate the expansion of assignments and MOSs for female Marines.

Integration Plan, the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) was asked to examine the history of the integration of women into Marine Corps aviation. CNA gathered and analyzed primary data, including service archives, congressional testimony, and oral histories, and held discussions with a range of subject matter experts, including male and female aviators, senior military leaders, and former policymakers. After a brief summary of the history of women in the Marine Corps, this information paper primarily focuses on the years between 1990 and 2000 and the opening of previously closed pilot and naval flight

Unconventional Warfare and Counterinsurgency in Pakistan

/reports/2012/unconventional-warfare-and-counterinsurgency-in-pakistan

Much has changed in the government’s thinking over the last 11 years. Yet the transition remains largely hesitant and partial. U.S. and NATO forces are pulling back from Afghanistan, and the Taliban is poised to regain at least some of its former power. At the same time, India has modernized its military and strengthened its alliances with the western powers. These trends create strong incentives for the military to, at the very least, retain the unconventional warfare option. The challenge for the Unites States going forward will be to ensure that Pakistan continues to move in the right direction and does not revert back to its earlier policies.

Unconventional Warfare and Counterinsurgency in Pakistan Unconventional Warfare and Counterinsurgency in Pakistan: A Brief History Much has changed in the government’s thinking over the last 11 years ... time, India has modernized its military and strengthened its alliances with the western powers. These trends create strong incentives for the military to, at the very least, retain the unconventional ... in history have engaged in unconventional warfare – i.e., covert support to non-state militant groups against the security forces of other countries – for so long, on such a large scale, and so close

David Finkelstein

/about-us/leadership/center-for-naval-analyses/david-finkelstein

at the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he taught Chinese history. Dr. Finkelstein holds a Ph.D. in Chinese history from Princeton University, and he is a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, the U.S. Army Command & General Staff College, and the Army War College. He has also studied Mandarin Chinese in Tianjin, China at Nankai University.

Superhumans: Implications of Genetic Engineering and Human-Centered Bioengineering

/reports/2020/12/superhumans-implications-of-genetic-engineering-and-human-centered-bioengineering

Breakthroughs in genetic engineering and bioengineering to enhance human performance hold vast implications for the US military. DOD must prepare accordingly.

engineering and bioengineering to enhance human performance hold vast implications for the US military. DOD must prepare accordingly. Throughout history, humans have pursued ways to improve themselves ... of advancements in these areas, and it derives relevant issues and considerations for the military. To put these latest technologies into perspective, we examined the history of human modification ... superior.” Although the US military has made advances in exploring the applications of human engineering with robotics and human-machine teaming, the applications of genetic modifications